What is an IP Rating?

What is an IP Rating?

IP rating is also known as Ingress Protection or International Protection ratings are defined to the international standard of EN 60529 (British BS EN 60529:1992). This standard is used to define the levels of sealing effectiveness of electrical enclosures against intrusion from foreign bodies such as tools, dirt and moisture.  

What do the two digits in an IP Rating mean?

The rating consists of the letters IP followed by two digits, the higher the number the better the protection.  Sometimes a number is replaced by X, which indicates that the enclosure is not rated for that specification. 

IP65   =  First Digit - Solids

The first digit indicates the level of protection that the enclosure provides against the ingress of solid foreign objects, from tools or fingers that could be hazardous if they came into contact with electrical conductors or moving parts, to airborne dirt and dust that could damage circuitry.

IP65   =  Second Digit - Liquids

The second digit defines the protection of the equipment inside the enclosure against various forms of moisture (drips, sprays, submersion etc).

First Digit Intrusion Protection Second Digit Moisture Protection

0 No protection. 0 No protection.

1 Protected against solid objects over 50mm, e.g. accidental touch by hands. 1 Protected against vertically falling drops of water, e.g. condensation.

2 Protected against solid objects over 12mm, e.g. fingers. 2 Protected against direct sprays of water up to 150 from the vertical.

3 Protected against solid objects over 2.5mm, e.g. tools & wires. 3 Protected against direct sprays of water up to 600 from the vertical.

4 Protected against solid objects over 1mm, e.g. wires & nails. 4 Protected against water splashed from all directions, limited ingress permitted.

5 Protected against dust limited ingress, no harmful deposits. 5 Protected against low pressure jets of water from all directions, limited ingress permitted.

6 Totally protected against dust. 6 Protected against strong jets of water, e.g. on ships deck, limited ingress permitted.

 

IP Rating First Digit - SOLIDS Second Digit - LIQUIDS

IP00 Not protected from solids. Not protected from liquids.

IP01 Not protected from solids. Protected from condensation.

IP02 Not protected from solids. Protected from water spray less than 15 degrees from vertical.

IP03 Not protected from solids. Protected from water spray less than 60 degrees from vertical.

IP04 Not protected from solids. Protected from water spray from any direction.

IP05 Not protected from solids. Protected from low pressure water jets from any direction.

IP06 Not protected from solids. Protected from high pressure water jets from any direction.

IP07 Not protected from solids. Protected from immersion between 15 centimetres and 1 metre in depth.

IP08 Not protected from solids. Protected from long term immersion up to a specified pressure.

IP10 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Not protected from liquids.

IP11 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Protected from condensation.

IP12 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Protected from water spray less than 15 degrees from vertical.

IP13 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Protected from water spray less than 60 degrees from vertical.

IP14 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Protected from water spray from any direction.

IP15 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Protected from low pressure water jets from any direction.

IP16 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Protected from high pressure water jets from any direction.

IP17 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Protected from immersion between 15 centimetres and 1 metre in depth.

IP18 Protected from touch by hands greater than 50 millimetres. Protected from long trem immersion up to a specified pressure.

IP20 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Not protected from liquids.

IP21 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Protected from condensation.

IP22 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Protected from water spray less than 15 degrees from vertical.

IP23 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Protected from water spray less than 60 degrees from vertical.

IP24 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Protected from water spray from any direction.

IP25 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Protected from low pressure water jets from any direction.

IP26 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Protected from high pressure water jets from any direction.

IP27 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Protected from immersion between 15 centimetres and 1 metre in depth.

IP28 Protected from touch by fingers and objects greater than 12 millimetres. Protected from long term immersion up to a specified pressure.

IP30 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Not protected from liquids.

IP31 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Protected from condensation.

IP32 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Protected from water spray less than 15 degrees from vertical.

IP33 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Protected from water spray less than 60 degrees from vertical.

IP34 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Protected from water spray from any direction.

IP35 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Protected from low pressure water jets from any direction.

IP36 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Protected from high pressure water jets from any direction.

IP37 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Protected from immersion between 15 centimetres and 1 metre in depth.

IP38 Protected from tools and wires greater than 2.5 millimetres. Protected from long term immersion up to a specified pressure.

IP40 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Not protected from liquids.

IP41 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Protected from condensation.

IP42 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Protected from water spray less than 15 degrees from vertical. 

IP43 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Protected from water spray less than 60 degrees from vertical.

IP44 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Protected from water spray from any direction.

IP45 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Protected from low pressure water jets in any direction.

IP46 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Protected from high pressure water jets from any direction.

IP47 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Protected from immersion between 15 centimetres and 1 metre in depth.

IP48 Protected from tools and small wires greater than 1 millimetre. Protected from long term immersion up to a specified pressure.

IP50 Protected from limited dust ingress.  Not protected from liquids.

IP51 Protected from limited dust ingress.    Protected from condensation.

IP52 Protected from limited dust ingress. Protected from water spray less than 15 degrees from vertical.

IP53 Protected from limited dust ingress. Protected from water spray less than 60 degrees from vertical.

IP54 Protected from limited dust ingress. Protected from water spray from any direction.

IP55 Protected from limited dust ingress. Protected from low pressure water jets from any direction.

IP56 Protected from limited dust ingress. Protected from high pressure water jets from any direction.

IP57 Protected from limited dust ingress. Protected from immersion between 15 centimetres and 1 metre in depth.

IP58 Protected from limited dust ingress. Protected from long term immersion up to a specified pressure.

IP60 Protected from total dust ingress. Not protected from liquids.

IP61 Protected from total dust ingress.                          Protected from condensation.

IP62 Protected from total dust ingress. Protected from water spray less than 15 degrees from vertical.

IP63 Protected from total dust ingress. Protected from water spray less than 60 degrees from vertical.

IP64 Protected from total dust ingress. Protected from water spray from any direction.

IP65 Protected from total dust ingress. Protected from low pressure water jets from any direction.

IP66 Protected from total dust ingress. Protected from high pressure water jets from any direction.

IP67 Protected from total dust ingress. Protected from immersion between 15 centimetres and 1 metre in depth.

IP68 Protected from total dust ingress. Protected from long term immersion up to a specified pressure.

IP69K Protected from total dust ingress. Protected from steam-jet cleaning.

Time Flies..... Years Difference

Intel Announces New 11th-gen Tiger Lake Processors and New Iris Xe Graphics

Intel Announces New 11th-gen Tiger Lake Processors, New Iris Xe Graphics

Intel has finally taken the wraps off its latest generation of processors. The new Tiger Lake chips from Intel is its 11th-generation of processors, and offers features such as Thunderbolt 4 support, WiFi 6, and a lot more. Intel’s announcement today focused on processors for laptops, with the company unveiling U-series processors aimed at thin and light laptops.

Intel’s announcement has a total of 9 new processors, with the Core i7-1185G7 at the top of the stack. This particular processor features 4 cores/ 8 threads and operates at a base frequency of 3.0GHz. It also comes with Intel’s new Iris Xe graphics, which go up to 1.35GHz on the i7-1185G7.

Tiger Lake is built on a 10nm process similar to Intel’s current Ice Lake chips. However, the company says that it has upgraded the new processors to the Willow Core architecture with a new ’10nm SuperFIN’ design. Intel claims this offers better speeds at lower power consumption, something that’s a must, especially for laptop processors.

Here are all the processors announced today:

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Processor Cores/ Threads Base Clock Boost Clock Boost Clock (Single Core) Graphics TDP

Core i7-1185G7 4/8 3.0GHz 4.3GHz 4.8GHz Iris Xe 12-28W

Core i7-1165G7 4/8 2.8GHz 4.1GHz 4.7GHz Iris Xe 12-28W

Core i5-1135G7 4/8 2.4GHz 3.8GHz 4.2GHz Iris Xe 12-28W

Core i3-1125G4 4/8 2.0GHz 3.3GHz 3.7GHz Intel UHD 12-28W

Core i3-1115G4 2/4 3.0GHz 4.1GHz 4.1GHz Intel UHD 12-28W

Core i7-1160G7 4/8 1.2GHz 3.6GHz 4.4GHz Iris Xe 7-15W

Core i5-1130G7 4/8 1.1GHz 3.4GHz 4.0GHz Iris Xe 7-15W

Core i3-1120G4 4/8 1.1GHz 3.0GHz 3.5GHz Intel UHD 7-15W

Core i3-1110G4 2/4 1.8GHz 3.9GHz

New Intel Iris Xe Graphics

Intel also announced new Iris Xe graphics alongside the new Tiger Lake processors. These graphics can be found in the new Core i5 and i7 processors announced today while the i3 processors keep Intel UHD graphics.

According to the company, the new graphics offer up to twice the performance of the last generation. The company even showed off a demo where the Iris Xe graphics performed better than a 10th-gen processor paired with an MX350 GPU.

Intel EVO Platform

Intel also announced a new platform of PCs. Building on the premise offered by Project Athena, Intel’s new Evo platform is aimed at helping PC buyers know that the device they’re purchasing will meet high quality standards. For a laptop to get the Evo branding, it has to satisfy requirements including WiFi 6 support, Thunderbolt 4, 9 hour battery life on a charge, and fast system wakes in less than a second.

Intel says that over 20 Evo verified designs will be available by the end of the year.

UCL engineers set new world record internet speed

UCL engineers set new world record internet speed

19 August 2020

The world’s fastest data transmission rate has been achieved by a team of UCL engineers who reached an internet speed a fifth faster than the previous record.

Working with two companies, Xtera and KDDI Research, the research team led by Dr Lidia Galdino (UCL Electronic & Electrical Engineering), achieved a data transmission rate of 178 terabits a second (178,000,000 megabits a second) – a speed at which it would be possible to download the entire Netflix library in less than a second.

The record, which is double the capacity of any system currently deployed in the world, was achieved by transmitting data through a much wider range of colours of light, or wavelengths, than is typically used in optical fibre. (Current infrastructure uses a limited spectrum bandwidth of 4.5THz, with 9THz commercial bandwidth systems entering the market, whereas the researchers used a bandwidth of 16.8THz.)

To do this, researchers combined different amplifier technologies needed to boost the signal power over this wider bandwidth and maximised speed by developing new Geometric Shaping (GS) constellations (patterns of signal combinations that make best use of the phase, brightness and polarisation properties of the light), manipulating the properties of each individual wavelength. The achievement is described in a new paper in IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

The benefit of the technique is that it can be deployed on already existing infrastructure cost-effectively, by upgrading the amplifiers that are located on optical fibre routes at 40-100km intervals. (Upgrading an amplifier would cost £16,000, while installing new optical fibres can, in urban areas, cost up to £450,000 a kilometre.)

The new record, demonstrated in a UCL lab, is a fifth faster than the previous world record held by a team in Japan.

At this speed, it would take less than an hour to download the data that made up the world’s first image of a black hole (which, because of its size, had to be stored on half a ton of hard drives and transported by plane). The speed is close to the theoretical limit of data transmission set out by American mathematician Claude Shannon in 1949.

Lead author Dr Galdino, a Lecturer at UCL and a Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellow, said: “While current state-of-the-art cloud data-centre interconnections are capable of transporting up to 35 terabits a second, we are working with new technologies that utilise more efficiently the existing infrastructure, making better use of optical fibre bandwidth and enabling a world record transmission rate of 178 terabits a second.”

Since the start of the COVID-19 crisis, demand for broadband communication services has soared, with some operators experiencing as much as a 60% increase in internet traffic compared to before the crisis. In this unprecedented situation, the resilience and capability of broadband networks has become even more critical.

Dr Galdino added: “But, independent of the Covid-19 crisis, internet traffic has increased exponentially over the last 10 years and this whole growth in data demand is related to the cost per bit going down. The development of new technologies is crucial to maintaining this trend towards lower costs while meeting future data rate demands that will continue to increase, with as yet unthought-of applications that will transform people’s lives.”

This work is funded by the Royal Academy of Engineering, The Royal Society Research grant, and the EPSRC programme grant TRANSNET (EP/R035342/1).

INSTAGRAM page Handled by Karthi Nigam

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Forget 5nm, TSMC already has its eyes on 2nm chips

The size reduction of computer transistors has been going on since the day they were invented. Thanks to the amazing engineering and theoretical work of thousands of people, we’re all holding in our hands devices that would seem like science fiction just a few decades ago.

But semiconductor manufacturers are never satisfied and keep breaking down barriers to bring us even smaller and more powerful chips. At the nanometer scale we’re at now, things are getting very complicated. Production methods that worked before can be used no longer and new ones have to be developed.

That’s exactly what TSMC is doing right now, as reported by DigiTimes. According to TSMC's latest annual report, the company has begun its research and development efforts towards the 2nm process in 2019, and preliminary studies regarding nodes even smaller than that are underway as well.

If you haven’t been following the developments on the nanometer front, currently, the best smartphone chips are built using the 7nm process. The first ones using the 5nm process are expected later this year (likely Apple’s A14 chip for the new iPhones). After that will come the 3nm one, targeted for 2022-2023, and hopefully, around 2025, we’ll see the first 2nm chips on the market.

In nanometers, the difference is small, but we should look at what it means for transistor density. A 7nm chip can fit 2 times more transistors on the same die as a 14nm one, but a 2nm one will be able to fit 3.5 times more than a 7nm one!

Chips that powerful and that energy-efficient will open up a whole new set of functions our phones will be able to perform. And while that future is still a few years away, it’s steadily coming and it’s exciting!

Scientists develop photon-based silicon circuitry that could make Moore's Law obsolete

Scientist managed to change the cubic silicon structure into a hexagonal nanowire structure. (Image Source: Wired)

By changing the cubic silicon structure to a hexagonal nanowire structure, scientists managed to develop photon-based silicon alloy circuitry that may replace electron-based transistors. The photon-based material prevents electron traffic jams, overheating and transmission slowdowns caused by cramming too many transistors.

by Bogdan Solca, 2020/04/15

Intel co-founder Gordon Moore was estimating that CPU transistor counts could double every two years, and so far this proved to be more or less accurate. The problem now is that we are approaching the physical limits of silicon transistors, which cannot really be shrunk down to less than 1 nanometer, so scientists are looking into new materials that can help overcome such restrictions. One of the latest inventions in this field comes from the Netherlands in the form of light-emitting silicon circuitry that could help reduce the number of needed transistors while still improving the performance.

A group of Eindhoven University of Technology scientists led by Erik Bakkers managed to develop silicon alloy nanowires that can emit light. These new materials can potentially be used to build photon-based circuits that, in turn, may replace the electron-based cubic transistor models used in commercial chips nowadays.

The photon-based hexagonal nanowires should greatly improve the computational performance as data transmitted through photons instead of electrons can prevent electron traffic jams, overheating and transmission slowdowns caused by cramming too many transistors in a determined area. Photons move considerably faster than electrons, so they can transmit data more efficiently over multiple channels. With the introduction of photonic circuits, data-intensive applications like machine learning and big data crunching could see tremendous boosts.

Researchers are currently trying to figure out a way to implement a tiny laser to act as the light source within the new materials. It is yet unclear how long it will take for this technology to become a reality. Intel is planning to reach the 1 nm transistor size limit by the end of this decade and TSMC may do it even faster, so scientists ought to come with a decent solution by 2025.

The machine used to fabricate the new hexagonal silicon alloy nanowires (Image Source: Wired)

#BEYOU, the world will adjust 🙂

20 most expensive cars in the world

The 20 most expensive cars in the world:

1. Rolls Royce Sweptail  – $13 Million
2. Mercedes Benz Maybach Exelero – $8.0 million
3. Bugatti Divo – $5.8 million
4. Koenigsegg CCXR Trevita – $4.8 million
5. Lamborghini Veneno Roadster – $4.5 million
6. McLaren P1 LM – $3.6 million
7. Lykan Hypersport – $3.4 million
8. Bugatti Veyron by Masory Vivere – $3.3 million
9. Aston Martin Valkyrie – $3.2 million
10. Ferrari Pininfarina Sergio – $3 million
11. Pagani Huayra BC – $2.8 million
12. Bugatti Chiron – $2.7 million
13. La Ferrari FXX K – $2.7 million
14. Mercedes-AMG One – $2.5 million
15. Ferrari LaFerrari Aperta – $2.4 million
16. Lamborghini Sesto Elemento – $2.2 million
17. Koenigsegg One – $2 million
18. Zenvo TS1 GT — $1.9 million
19. Ferrari LaFerrari – $1.4 million
20. McLaren P1 – $1.15 million

New budget phones arrived in the Market.....from REALME brand.

#Realme 6 pro is the First mobile to have india's own satellite Navigation system ( NAVIC ).

#Realme 6 is the latest budget phone with Gaming processor. 

#Chocolate #Benefits

7 Proven Health Benefits of Dark Chocolate

• Very Nutritious. Share on Pinterest. ...
• Powerful Source of Antioxidants. ...
• May Improve Blood Flow and Lower Blood Pressure. ...
• Raises HDL and Protects LDL From Oxidation. ...
• May Reduce Heart Disease Risk. ...
• May Protect Your Skin From the Sun. ...
• Could Improve Brain Function.